BIOLOGY: The Grand Challenges

From: Robert J. Bradbury (bradbury@aeiveos.com)
Date: Fri Jun 20 2003 - 19:27:55 MDT

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    Some may not know it, but the Human Genome was "officially"
    declared complete in April. At that time Francis Collins,
    the director of NHGRI (http://www.genome.gov), and several
    other authors published a paper in Nature [1] discussing
    the status of the work and future goals. In that paper
    they outlines a list of 5 future goals.

    I thought it might be useful for people to know what the
    goals are:

    1. the ability to determine a genotype at very low cost,
       allowing an association study in which 2,000 individuals
       could be screened with about 400,000 genetic markers for
       $10,000 or less;
    2. the ability to sequence DNA at costs that are lower by
       four to five *orders of magnitude* than the current cost,
       allowing a human genome to be sequenced for $1,000 or less;
    3. the ability to synthesize long DNA molecules at high
       accuracy for $0.01 per base allowing the synthesis of
       gene-sized pieces of DNA of any sequence for between $10
       and $10000;
    4. the ability to determine the methylation status of all
       the DNA in a single cell; and
    5. the ability to monitor the state of all proteins in a
       single cell in a single experiment.

    #1 is very useful for identifying the genes involved in
    various genetic diseases. #2 is useful for determining
    what actual gene defects an individual has as well as
    contributing to knowing how they might respond to specific
    therapies. #3 is highly useful for developing gene based
    therapies and reducing the costs of research. [Interestingly,
    the Robiobotics business plan goes far beyond goal #3.]
    #4 may have some interesting consequences in understanding
    aspects of aging. #5 helps contribute to both basic
    biological understanding as well as determining more
    rapidly whether therapies are functioning as desired.

    Robert

    1. Collins, F. S., et al, "A vision for the future of
    genomics research", Nature 422:835-847 (24 Apr 2003).



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