It appears to me that there is a historical evolution of human cognition in which the theological/religious phase gives way to a metaphysical/philosophical phase and then a positivistic/scientific phase and maybe now a synthetic phase in which a philosophy of science can provide a self-chosen "existential" meaning to life and provide evidential answers to what once could only be answered in religious or mystical terms. The 4 etiological questions of origins:
1. How did the universe begin? (cosmogenesis) 2. How did life begin? (biogenesis) 3. How did humans get here? (anthropogenesis) 4. How did consciousness arrive? (psychogenesis)responses:
I agree that religion should neither be endorsed nor condemned. I think we
should by default answer all religiously oriented questions based on
scientific metaphysics (i.e. assumptions) not the mystical assumptions
(theological metaphysics) of the religious questioner. Such questions
always devolve back to first principles which is the domain of metaphysics.
Having studied Eastern religions before getting involved in philosophy and
science, I can concur that Buddhism and Taoism are nontheistic. However,
both of them are still mystical. Taoism says that the universe or Tao
(literally the "Way") emerged from both Nothingness (T'ai) and
Everythingness (Chi). The primordial T'ai Chi gave birth to Tao which then
polarized into the complementary forces of Yin and Yang. These 2 forces
then interacting with the 5 Elements (Earth, Water, Air, Fire, and?
Ether)generate the manifested universe. Sure there are no gods here but
still lots of mystical entities that are beyond measurement/evidence.
Similarly, Buddhism suggests that the samsara cycle of reincarnation can be
stopped by realizing the Nothingness of the universe (anicca) to eliminate
desire (dukka)and attain bliss/happiness called nirvana (or kenso). More
mystical concepts. (Actually, lots of similarities huh? That's why Zen
emerged as a blend of Taoism and Buddhism - historical note) Hinduism does
have many gods (polytheism) that are manifestations of the universal god
Brahman [with the n](monotheism). This theological/metaphysical dichotomy
is sort of like the Trinity in Catholicism. (Incidentally 3 of the Hindu
gods are primary making a clear trinitarian analogy - Brahma [without the
n], Vishnu and Shiva)
The point of this review of the eastern religions is to show how they are
not "more scientific" than any other religions on the planet just because
they in some cases have no god concept. One can argue that basic assumptions
such as the experimental method and hypothetico-deductive investigation are
unprovable. That is the nature of first principles. Any system of thought
(religion, philosophy, science) has first principles that cannot be directly
argued for. Like postulates or axioms in a system of geometry, such are
either accepted - at least for the time being - or not. If someone does not
accept the first principles of science then he or she is wasting his/her
time by pursuing dialogue with those who do accept these first principles.
There is simply no common cognitive ground for discussion. For a more
detailed history of cognitive evolution see:
http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9356/Webcog1.htm.
Sincerely,
-Bill
Web Master
Futurist Think Tank
http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9356/index.html
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