http://www.hhmi.org/news/horvitz.htm
February 25, 2000 —Researchers have found that a signaling protein that is
part of the cell's natural suicide machinery may act as a "messenger of
death" that travels to the cell's nucleus to execute the process of
programmed cell death.
Their finding adds an important piece to the puzzle of how malignant,
malfunctioning or unneeded cells are instructed to commit suicide, or
apoptosis, during an organism's development.
While the scientists emphasize that there is much more work to be done, they
say that studies of the proteins that cause apoptosis might offer targets for
drugs that can prevent cell death related to heart attacks, strokes, or
Alzheimer's disease.
Led by HHMI investigator H. Robert Horvitz at MIT, the research team reported
their discovery in the February 25, 2000, issue of Science. The team also
included scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Biological Chemistry in
Germany and the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
"Programmed cell death is a key mechanism for regulating cell numbers and
connections and for sculpting tissues," said Horvitz, who was among the
pioneers in discovering the process. "Its misregulation can play a central
role in certain cancers, autoimmune diseases and neurodegenerative diseases.
We now know many of the molecules that control programmed cell death. Our new
finding offers insights as to how one of these key molecules works."
The scientists conducted their research using the transparent nematode worm,
Caenorhabditis elegans, long employed as a model to study apoptosis. The tiny
worm contains exactly 1,090 cells, of which 131 undergo apoptosis, most
during embryonic development.
Previous research by Horvitz's team had shown that four proteins —EGL-1,
CED-9, CED-4, and CED-3 —play a central role in the apoptotic machinery. CED
stands for "cell death abnormal."
EGL-1 initiates apoptosis by inhibiting the normal restraining action of
CED-9 on CED-4. Once unleashed from its restraints, CED-4 then triggers
CED-3, which is a highly destructive protein-destroying enzyme that wreaks
havoc on a cell's structures.
"Genetic studies of mutant worms that lacked one or another of these proteins
had shown that they affected one another. We wanted to see whether and where
they interact in the cell," said HHMI predoctoral fellow Bradley Hersh. Thus,
said Hersh, he and his colleagues used antibodies that tagged each protein
involved in apoptosis to reveal their cellular locations. Their experiments
involved eliminating one or another of the signal proteins and studying the
effects on protein localization.
"Our initial experiments showed that both CED-9 and CED-4 are localized to
mitochondria," said Hersh. Mitochondria are the energy-producing powerhouses
of the cell. Some scientists believe that mitochondria are the natural
centers for the "sensors" that trigger programmed cell death, since
malfunctioning mitochondria seriously compromise cell viability.
"Once we knew where these two proteins reside normally, the natural thing to
do was look at how they affected the localization of one another," said
Hersh. "We were surprised to find that that when we eliminated CED-9, CED-4
localization changed to the nucleus. After all, the mammalian counterpart of
CED-4 is found mainly in the cytoplasm, and there was no indication that it
would go to the membrane surrounding the nucleus."
Still mysterious, say Horvitz and Hersh, is how CED-4 reaches the nuclear
membrane. They are studying CED-4 mutants that fail to reach the nucleus.
Such mutants might reveal clues to the transport process and its importance
in cell death.
While the discovery of CED-4's translocation to the nuclear membrane is a
basic one, it could have eventual clinical implications, said Hersh.
"If CED-4 translocation is required for activation, then inhibiting the
translocation of a human counterpart of CED-4 might block cell death in such
cases as ischemic injury in heart attacks or strokes," he said. "Also, in
Alzheimer's disease, apoptosis may be central to the death of neurons, and
blocking such a CED-4-like molecule might preserve brain tissue." However, he
continued, "we still don't know enough about this process to know whether
inhibiting a CED-4-like protein, or translocation in the cell, will be
possible. At this point, inhibiting human CED-3 counterparts, known as
caspases, seems the most promising approach to blocking apoptosis, since
these caspases have an established biochemical activity for which inhibitors
have already been identified."
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