Source: IBM's Almaden Research Center (http://www.almaden.ibm.com)
Date: Posted 2/7/2000
IBM Scientists Discover Nanotech Communication Method
"Quantum mirage" may enable atom-scale circuits
SAN JOSE, Calif. (February 3, 2000) -- IBM scientists have discovered a way
to transport information on the atomic scale that uses the wave nature of
electrons instead of conventional wiring. The new phenomenon, called the
"quantum mirage" effect, may enable data transfer within future nanoscale
electronic circuits too small to use wires.
"This is a fundamentally new way of guiding information through a solid,"
said IBM Fellow Donald M. Eigler, IBM's lead researcher on this project.. "We
call it a mirage because we project information about one atom to another
spot where there is no atom."
As computer circuit features shrink toward atomic dimensions -- which they
have for decades in accordance with Moore's Law -- the behavior of electrons
changes from being like particles described by classical physics to being
like waves described by quantum mechanics. On such small scales, for example,
tiny wires don't conduct electrons as well as classical theory predicts. So
quantum analogs for many traditional functions must be available if
nanocircuits are to achieve the desired performance advantages of their small
size.
IBM's new quantum mirage technique may prove to be just such a substitute for
the wires connecting nanocircuit components.
The quantum mirage was discovered by three physicists at IBM's Almaden
Research Center here: Hari C. Manoharan, Christopher P. Lutz and Eigler. They
reported their findings in the cover story of the February 3 issue of Nature,
a prestigious international scientific journal published in London. They used
the same low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM) with which
Eigler and Erhard Schweizer first positioned individual atoms 10 years ago,
spelling out the letters I-B-M with 35 xenon atoms.
To create the quantum mirage, the scientists first moved several dozen cobalt
atoms on a copper surface into an ellipse-shaped ring. As Michael Crommie
(who is now a professor at the University of California-Berkeley), Lutz and
Eigler had shown in 1993, the ring atoms acted as a "quantum corral" --
reflecting the copper's surface electrons within the ring into a wave pattern
predicted by quantum mechanics.
The size and shape of the elliptical corral determine its "quantum states" --
the energy and spatial distribution of the confined electrons. The IBM
scientists used a quantum state that concentrated large electron densities at
each focus point of the elliptical corral. When the scientists placed an atom
of magnetic cobalt at one focus, a mirage appeared at the other focus: the
same electronic states in the surface electrons surrounding the cobalt atom
were detected even though no magnetic atom was actually there. The intensity
of the mirage is about one-third of the intensity around the cobalt atom.
"We have become quantum mechanics -- engineering and exploring the properties
of quantum states," Eigler said. "We're paving the way for the future
nanotechnicians."
The operation of the quantum mirage is similar to how light or sound waves is
focused to a single spot by optical lenses, mirrors, parabolic reflectors or
"whisper spots" in buildings. For example, faint sounds generated at either
of the two "whisper spots" in the Old House of Representatives Chamber (now
called Statuary Hall) in the U.S. Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., can
be heard clearly far across the chamber at the other whisper spot.
"The quantum mirage technique permits us to do some very interesting
scientific experiments such as remotely probing atoms and molecules, studying
the origins of magnetism at the atomic level, and ultimately manipulating
individual electron or nuclear spins," said Dr. Manoharan. "But we must make
significant improvements before this method becomes useful in actual
circuits. Making each ellipse with the STM is currently impractically slow.
They would have to be easily and rapidly produced, connections to other
components would also have to be devised and a rapid and power-efficient way
to modulate the available quantum states would need to be developed."
The IBM scientists have built and tested elliptical corrals up to 20
nanometers long with the width as little as half that. (A nanometer is one
billionth of a meter -- about 40 billionths of an inch -- or about the size
of a five atoms placed side-by-side.) The electron density and intensity of
the mirage depends on the quantum state, not the distance between the foci.
IBM Research operates in eight locations worldwide: the Thomas J. Watson
Research Center in Yorktown Heights, NY; the Almaden Research Center in San
Jose, Calif.; the Zurich Research Laboratory in Zurich, Switzerland; the
Tokyo Research Laboratory in Yamato, Japan; the Haifa Research Laboratory in
Haifa, Israel; the China Research Laboratory in Beijing, China, the Austin
Research Laboratory in Austin, Texas, and the India Research Center in Dehli,
India.
IBM Research has long been a leader in studying the properties of materials
important to the information technology industry. In 1981, Gerd Binnig and
Heinrich Rohrer of IBM's Zurich Research Laboratory in Switzerland invented
the scanning tunneling microscope, which enabled scientists to see -- and in
1990, position -- individual atoms. For this achievement, they shared the
1986 Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1984, Binnig co-invented the Atomic Force
Microscope, which led to a variety of new instruments that used various tiny
cantilevers to extend near-atomic resolution imaging to many to many new
forces, including friction and magnetism. IBM's Almaden (San Jose, Calif.),
Watson (Yorktown Heights, N.Y.) and Zurich (Switzerland) laboratories
continue active and complementary nanotechnology research efforts.
For more information on IBM Research, please visit the Website at:
http://www.research.ibm.com
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